We are interested in the function of cytokines in the immune system during health and disease. We study how cytokines coordinate immune homeostasis and responses, and how they stimulate various immune cells in vitro and in different models of cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune disease, as well as allograft rejection. We generate and characterize natural versus modified cytokine formulations, including cytokine-antibody complexes, in order to better understand cytokine biology and improve cytokine-directed immunotherapy.